There was a time when every bathroom in America was gender-neutral. Pre-19th century - before industrialization and the gender ideologies that came with it - men and women both worked out of the home. They would share, without bias, an outdoor "privy": a single-use, free-for-all stall.īut beginning in the early 1800s, technological and cultural changes turned the simple act of going to the bathroom into serious business. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, men increasingly shifted out of the home and into factory jobs.
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A "separate spheres" ideology emerged - the belief that public spaces were for men and private spaces were for women. This ideology was rooted in biological determinism: Women were considered to be mentally and physically weaker - prone to bouts of hysteria and unable to control their bodily functions. At the core of these ideas was a male-prescribed fear over the fragility of female physiques. In the 19th century, women were frequently shamed for what men perceived to be a lack of bodily control. In the 1820s, many women began taking on textile jobs in the public realm, where they worked in close proximity to men, in a shared space. These changes came at the onset of the Victorian era : Lawmakers, legislators, and the male workforce became inordinately concerned with privacy and modesty. When sewage technology begat the rise of the public, multi-user restroom, this all came to a head.
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"The factory restroom became a locus that raised serious social anxieties," says Terry Kogan, a contributor to the book Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing. "The solution was to cordon off a separate architectural space for women." How fear was written into bathroom legislationĪs women increasingly joined the public workforce, fears over female fragility persisted. To address this, lawmakers mandated a number of separate spaces for women in factories - including restrooms. What followed was a rapid, systematic passage of bathroom laws governing female bodies. In 1887, Massachusetts became the first state to pass a law that separated public restrooms by sex. It was a workplace regulation that made the following mandate: Section 2 from the 1887 Massachusetts Act to Secure Proper Sanitary Provisions in Factories and Workshops that first separated public restrooms by sex.